In 2011, the Arab region witnessed one of the most influential popular revolutions that have shaped the area on a multiplicity of levels up (map, ideologies, social life, and so on). It is interesting to consider, here, education as a separate field and the consequences of the Arab Spring and the democratic waves on it. It is true that many of the political regimes have been replaced. However, we need an answer to the following question: have the established new governments left opportunity for democracy implantation in education in the Arab region? To answer this question, I will analyses the textbooks of the module of the history of the third year secondary school level that belongs to both pre-and post-Arab Spring periods in the following countries: Tunisia, Libya and Egypt applying the content analysis approach. This study aims to contribute particularly to our understanding of the concept of democracy in education after the Arab Spring. The current study may end up by finding that the spirit of the newly modified pedagogies has not marked a considerable difference from the old ones. Therefore, it could conclude by assuming that decision makers still dominate and direct the work of syllabus designers according to their ideologies.

The This paper overviews research into the use of code-switching within social media outlets. It aims at diagnosing some corpus of online speech for a group Algerian users residing in the UK. A triangulation method was followed to categorize types and patterns of code-switching and to assess the users‟ awareness towards generating these linguistic behaviours. A sample of online users was recruited to submit an online questionnaire to identify their identity-profiles. Online activities were monitored over the course of data collection period. To ensure the accessibility to the users’ activities the researcher was friend and follower with the users on Facebook and Twitter, respectively. A small sample was interviewed for in-depth exploring the functions of the linguistic behaviours that have been detected. Gender was demonstrated to be as an aspect of identity in order to investigate the potential link between language use and identity.

The This paper overviews research into the use of code-switching within social media outlets. It aims at diagnosing some corpus of online speech for a group Algerian users residing in the UK. A triangulation method was followed to categorize types and patterns of code-switching and to assess the users‟ awareness towards generating these linguistic behaviours. A sample of online users was recruited to submit an online questionnaire to identify their identity-profiles. Online activities were monitored over the course of data collection period. To ensure the accessibility to the users’ activities the researcher was friend and follower with the users on Facebook and Twitter, respectively. A small sample was interviewed for in-depth exploring the functions of the linguistic behaviours that have been detected. Gender was demonstrated to be as an aspect of identity in order to investigate the potential link between language use and identity.

Water is the most essential thing for human life. Limitations of suitable water source and excess water during floods should be managed wisely, especially in city where the population are very huge. Implementing smart water concept as a dimension of smart city especially in Indonesia is important due to the urbanization rate of Indonesia is over the average of urbanisation in South Eastern Asia and Asia. This paper is working paper discuss the variables and indicators of a smart water coming from existing literatures, ideas from 24 respondents who are governments, business players, experts of smart water, and customers in Indonesia. This study finds that there are six variables and 19 indicators to measure if a city has implemented a smart water concept. The variables and indicators should be tested in the further study before it is implemented through pilot test with sufficient numbers of respondents.

IAP (Interactive Planning) is defined as an effort to integrate planning for a certain type of projects at the early stage of execution. When it comes to a construction projects, various participants collaborate from the beginning of the project execution for the project success. Milestone activities by various trades need to be identified and logically sequenced for execution. This task become extremely challenging if the project becomes larger in size and more complex. This research involved the methodology to streamline the IAP process for industrial construction projects in order to verify essential requirements and extract action items in the IAP process.