A financially sound bank gives guarantee to not only its depositors but also its shareholders, employees and to the whole economy. Banks have become very cautious in extending advances and loans; the reason is increasing Non-Performing Assets. As a part of this banks have to test the quality of assets by analysing quality of the loan portfolio, credit administration programme. Asset quality is one of the most critical areas in determining the overall management strategy of a bank. Loans typically comprise a major part of a bank’s assets and carry the greatest amount of risk to their capital. With the introduction of international norms for income recognition, asset classification and provisioning in the banking sector, management of NPAs has emerged as one of the major challenges facing by Indian banks. In this article An attempt is made to study the quality of assets by analysing the trends of assets and liabilities, Assets in terms of Standard assets, Sub-standard assets, Doubtful assets and Loss assets, Gross NPA and provisions, Asset quality ratios like Gross NPAs to Gross advances, Net NPAs to Net advance, ROA, ROE, CAR, Provision Coverage Ratio (PCR) and finally the analysis of Provision adequacy. The primary focus of this paper is to compare and contrast the asset quality and management by the banks belonging to public sector and private sector viz., SBI and ICICI banks.

 Lifestyle brands are created, built and established based on cultural values, attitudes and living arrangements of a specific group of target audience. As branding activities are aimed at generating awareness and communicating information that ultimately relates to the overall purpose of marketing, the creation of lifestyle brands is to enable target audiences or target market sectors to identify and associate with the elements of the specific lifestyle contexts they practice, prefer, and aspire to.   Lifestyle branding adds value to consumers from its powerful enabling role as an interactive mechanism – being the name and symbolic associations for products and services which not only serves functional benefits, but communicates the symbolisms behind consumer choices with factors that are culturally inherent or meaningful.   More than promotional tactics and marketing, lifestyle branding strategies shape the interaction habits and activities that the consumer may seek, prefer or engage in daily.   The embrace of digital media, web-based and mobile technologies, and a tandem growth of interest in the urban shopping culture have become important catalysts in the development and management of successful lifestyle brands.   This paper provides a set of possible cultural determinants of Malaysia’s urban consumer segments, while proposing ways in which brand marketers and designers can respond innovatively to their needs by aligning brands with consumer perceived measures of brand equity.   Using scales of measurement on the brand equity model to analyse the underlying determinant conditions, three case studies of food and beverage brands in the Malaysian service industries will be provided to gather insights on brand equity, and these will be discussed in-depth to understand what consumers seek in brand experiences. The research will conclude by factoring in the designer’s role in the marketing of lifestyle brands that are relevant, recognised and respected.

 This study investigates the relationship between institutional ownership and firm’s strategic decisions. These strategic decisions include, leverage or capital structure decisions, dividend decisions and investment decisions. Using industry level data of 170 non- financial firms (belonging to eight different sectors during a time period of 2003-2011) of Pakistan, characterized by a large percentage of institutional investors having multiple equity stake in different firms across a wide spectrum of industries, this study  shows the two novelties. First the previous studies have identified the impact of institutional ownership on individual strategic decisions; dividend or leverage. This study however explores the impact that institutional ownership collectively has on various strategic decisions of firm. Secondly, this study recognizes the joint determination of strategic decisions by considering the endogenity among them. The issue of endogenity is addressed by considering a system of equations using Three stage least Square (3SLS). The findings suggest a collective two way relation between leverage, dividend and investment decisions. The study reports that firms with large institutional ownership have a significant adverse impact on the leverage or capital structure decisions. However this study does not find significant evidence for the relationship that institutional ownership exerts on dividend decisions and investment decisions

 Poverty alleviation is a program that has been ongoing since the New Order (1967). Most of poor people and potential to be poor people when there is “economic crisis” lived in villages. Poverty alleviation programs in general are not sustainable as a result the number and percentage of poor people remains high about 28.55 million (11.47 percent) of the population of Indonesia (2013).This study is the second year of a two-year research plan. Some things that have been done on this study:(1) to evaluate the “model” of development, procedures for the establishment and management of village-owned enterprises (BUMDes) by synergizing capacity of individuals and households; economic and production potential; collective strengths of the community, microfinance institutions, local governments, partner agencies, universities, and donors; (2) to evaluate management and financial (accounting) system of BUMDes along with monitoring and evaluation system; (3) evaluate the training model and formulate a final model BUMDes; (4) To formulate recommendations for improvement in the development policy of partner institutions namely Balai PMD)Yogyakarta on BUMDes’ training and development. Based on research findings, management and accounting system to be developed is: BUMDes management system should be simple, easy to understand, and easy to put into practice. The systems must meet minimum requirements in business management in a professional manner. The systems due to the competence of human resources to manage BUMDes generally are low and unskilled labor, likewise, in the development of monitoring and evaluation systems. BUMDes need models and practical training materials primarily related to the establishment, management, development, build partnerships, marketing, accounting, management strategies for BUMDes.

Policy is a process utilized by a nation to control money supply to promote growth stability of the country. Effective implementation results in price levels stability, moderate interest rates, and maximum employment supporting long-run economic development and growth. The rate of economic growth and development of Bahrain rose to 5.6% in 2014. Reasonable levels of growth and development in Bahrain’s economy achieved, despite of global and regional instability. The Central Bank of Bahrain sets and implements the country’s monetary policies, to maintain availability of money, moderate money supply, price stability, high employment, and currency stability for global transactions. Descriptive method and documentary analysis used to generate historical data for years 2005-2014 on the monetary policy structures of open market operations, bank reserve requirements, discount rate, capital requirements and the achievement of economic development goals. The study established the relationship and level of support that monetary policy structures have on the achievement of economic development goals of Bahrain in 21st century.  It focused on the status of monetary policy structures in Bahrain in terms of open market operations, bank reserve requirements, discount rate, capital requirements. The research determined the level of support monetary policy structures have on achieving these goals. The researcher reviewed annual reports, brochures, office records, and government manuals and standards. Arithmetic mean, Pearson correlation, Chi-Square test, variance and multiple regression analyses used as statistical tools. Findings show there is significant relationship between monetary policy structures in Bahrain and the achievement of the goals in 21st century. The degree of support provided by the variables of open market operations, bank reserve requirements, discount rate, capital requirements on the achievement of the goals are not the same. Achievement of such goals is dependent on monetary policy structures. Monetary policy structures of the variables are strong predictors of these goals.

Labor markets bring demand for labor as production function, and divided into segments of technical qualifications for professions or working patterns. Labor-market theories explain functioning, characteristics and differences to other markets and unemployment causes. GDP substantial contractions of industrialized nations and differences in labor-market outcomes reported in recent recession hitting global-economy. Unemployment rate indicates the labor-market health, but economic theory provides framework explaining the factors contributing to changes in its level. Unemployment rate of any country imposes heavy costs on labor force and society, affecting the levels of inflation, interest and exchange rates and aggregate demand and supply in the economy. It has been one of the major concerns of macroeconomic-policy makers, and will remain so in the future. Unemployment rate effect is to conclude whether classical and contemporary theories of labor-market can be generally and adequately used to justify changes in the levels of inflation, interest and exchange rates, and planned aggregate expenditure in the short- and long-run for the Kingdom economy. The research is qualitative and descriptive, using descriptive and inferential statistics to analyze data pertaining to the influence of labor-market performance in terms of unemployment rates, aggregate income, and labor force participation on PAE. The data obtained from International Bank, International Monetary Fund, and Statistics of Bahraini Ministries, Central Bank, and Standard Scores.  The research involved documentary analysis of the data of labor-market performance and its influence on PAE. The researcher analyzed annual reports, brochures, office records, government manuals and standards.  Arithmetic mean, Pearson correlation, Chi-Square test, variance and multiple regression analyses are the statistical tools used. Findings show labor-market performance has significant effects on PAE of Bahrain. There is significant relationship between labor-market performance and PAE. PAE of Bahrain are dependent on labor-market performance. Labor-market variables; unemployment rates, aggregate income and labor-force participation are strong predictors of PAE.

This paper examines how entrepreneurship research can be conducted using different methodological approaches. Utilizing the qualitative method, multiple sources of evidence were experimented, drawing upon industrial reports, structured interviews, in-depth interviews, and observations from a range of case studies. The results suggest that the investigation of complex issues such as recognition, discovery, and creation of entrepreneurial opportunity contribute to the range of methodologies available which guide researchers to systematically frame their studies to achieve the intended research objectives. A systematic literature analysis comparing different types of qualitative methodological approaches is however required to shape a wider discussion in this area.

 Many countries have charted their strategy, policy and blueprint in developing their space industry.  Some are successful and some are still struggling.  Malaysia is one of those countries that are struggling to develop its space industry.  There is no turnkey development model for space industry.  It differs from one successful country to another.  Thus, this paper aims to suggest a development model that suits Malaysia based on other countries’ experience.  This study will be based upon the paper published by the National Space Agency, ANGKASA, entitled Space Industry Sector Initiative at the International Level which was published in the first quarter of 2014.  The overall of 7 space-faring countries were looked into.  The entire plus and minus points from these countries were analysed to reach to a commendable recommendation for Malaysian space industry.

For purpose of saving cost the generation of wireless mobile communication evolved into LTE system by using MIMO-OFDM technology. But for the higher data rate it expenses higher energy. So, an efficient antenna management system is needed to be designed to save energy per bit transmission. In MIMO there are multiple RF channels for transmitting data which consumes much energy. In the case of LTE Release 10 which supports peak data rate of 1Gbps, it consumes more than that. For urban macro environment the energy cost is too high for higher data rate. So, an algorithm for adaptive selection of subset of antennas is designed to minimize the optimal transmitting power and to calculate the required minimum energy per bit for both two ended system and one ended system with continuous streaming of data. We employ MATLAB based simulation to verify the energy efficiency benefit of antenna management system.  The result shows that the antenna management can achieve 25% one-end energy per bit reduction to the front end of MIMO network interface from static MIMO system which keeps all antenna actives.

With enlargement of Web 2 and the advent of social networks, blogs, and online news sources, analysts have to process enormous amounts of real-time, unstructured data. For example, predicting the stock market trends and sentiment by the financial news is one of these instances. Financial news can be of various types, such as recent earning statements, information about latest products, declaration of profits by a company, and similar issues. These sources usually include the key factors, which will affect the stock market in different ways, for instance, effect on stock returns, volatility of price and also future firm earnings. Therefore, there is a vital need to discover approaches to find sentiment and polarity from these corpora of text. Obviously, this is a part in which sentiment analysis tool and its techniques can be employed to obtain the main concept of text by extracting important keywords from the financial news. Despite the large number of recent publications on sentiment mining in financial news, there are still many problems in this regard. For example, whole news articles may not be useful for analysis or mining, because most of the stock market news includes a comparison of some companies or perhaps even parts of the economy. Hence, improved techniques for the separation and determination of the sentiment and polarity of words, sentence, and phrase in order to extract proper expressions as features for sentiment analysis with high accuracy seems necessary. This paper provides a review of current sentiment analysis techniques involving machine learning and text mining for financial domain in order to predict the stock market from financial news

 The article considers the phenomenon of the inherent technological development in the 21st century, and the degree of fragmentation of public attitudes toward them, because of which mature very different characteristics of the target audiences. The authors explore the history of the development of tech-nology, changes in the motives of consumer decisions in this regard, considering the approaches and trends in the formation of the individualization of advertising appeals.

Background and purpose: Pediculosis is a worldwide public health concern. This descriptive study was performed on primary-school-aged children to determine the prevalence of pediculosis and its risk factors in Mazandaran Province, Iran, on basis of geographic information system (GIS). Materials and methods: A random sampling method was used to select 45237 school-aged children from Sari to Ramsar cities during September 2012 to June 2013. Data were collected from the selected schools by five trained nursing inspectors. A detailed questionnaire was filled for each child prior to hair examination following which examination was carried out to detect head lice as well as eggs/nits. Data were analyzed chi-square test. Finally, the GIS map was obtained in province informational chart. Results: 823 primary-school children (of 45237) were infected with lice in Mazandaran Province. The mean infection prevalence was 1.4% in cities 5.64% in rural area from Sari to Ramsar. There were significant relationships between pediculosis and some factors (P < 0.05). GIS map revealed that the contamination was less in west than in east and central regions. Conclusion: Increasing awareness and training of teachers and parents, as well as improving standards of personal health can significantly reduce the prevalence of pediculosis.

The paper studies the students’ perception of different teaching materials, such as personal website of the teacher, corporate mail service and social networks. The purpose of the study was to find out the differences in preferences by grade and gender. The internet survey was conducted among the Russian speaking classes of Nazarbayev Intellectual School (NIS) of Karaganda city in Kazakhstan. Through the comparison of means and Pearson correlation, it was found that, in general, girls and 11 grade students are more positive to accept the website as a method of delivering lesson material. Therefore, in order to attract other students to the website, a teacher has to differentiate the materials by gender and pay attention to the final grade students who visit the website less often than students of the 11 grade. Also, it was found that, in general, if the website is perceived negatively, such factors as usefulness, convenience and design of the website are of less importance, since they have minor influence on students’ perception. The result of the research would help those teachers, who decide to create their personal educational website to recognize the importance of the differentiation of the uploaded materials by grade and gender.

With the implementation of the Education Development Master Plan (EDMP) 2006-2010 aimed at providing quality education for all children and producing quality human capital for the nation, autonomy through a school based management system known as the Cluster School of Excellence (CSE) merit status was introduced in the Malaysian education system. The concern for high school students to excel in Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics (STEM), Social Science or Arts courses and non-academic performance was of paramount concern to all stakeholders (students, parents, educators and policy makers). For students and parents, this implied excellence in the students’ performance and participation in both academic and non-academic programs. For educators and policy makers, the attainment of such merit is indicated by the schools’ active participation in academic and co-curricular excellence at state, national and international competitions. Limited literature is available on the concerns and challenges faced by the stakeholders, i.e. students in the pursuit of excellence in both academic and co-curricular programs. This study seeks to address the said gap on the students’ needs and concern in selected cluster schools of excellence in Malaysia. For the purpose of this study, focus group interviews with Form Four high school students (i.e. 16 year olds) from two selected schools were conducted to understand the programs, practices, challenges faced and the way forward to attain such recognition. Written answers were collected from the said students. The data findings indicate the importance of active and supportive participation of school administrative, policy makers and community members; funding for improvement on existing infrastructure; balanced academic and non-academic curriculum; and a state-of-art technological facility as key issues voiced by these students. Students of the 21st century voice the need for harmonious, conducive and open educational environment as the way forward in attaining educational excellence both in academic and non-curricular activities.

 This study documents the traditional gears and fishing methods of the rural Ilocano fishermen. It records, identifies, and describes their characteristics that include their designs, mode of operation, fishing grounds and species of fish caught, among others. Results of the study revealed that there are 48 fishing gears used which are classified into four (4) categories based on the classification of fishing gears in the Philippines. There are eight of the hand instruments (six coastal, two inland and three common); ten of the traps (three coastal, seven inland and one common); 14 of the lines (11 coastal, two inland and one common); and 16 of the nets (10 coastal, six inland and four common).  Fifteen miscellaneous fishing accessories or paraphernalia which are not in the classification were also documented. A variety of marine and freshwater fish species comprising the catch of the fishing gears and methods are identified and recorded in their Ilokano and English or common names. These include 44 species of marine fishes, six (6) species of marine invertebrates, seven (7) species of freshwater fishes, and three (3) species of freshwater invertebrates. A documentation of these traditional implements is valuable material to preserve the fishing culture and traditions of the Ilocanos. Researchers and other interested persons may find this study as an important material for further studies.

  There given the conditions under which the application of the genetic algorithm does not shrink or expand diversity duplicating the biometric data. To fill the gaps in the histogram of biometric data are examples of breeding, genetic algorithms are implemented according to GOST Russia 52633.2-2010.

 The synthesis of the chi-square test for dependent data. The dependent data used biometric images. In biometrics chi-square test is used to test statistical hypotheses. To produce a synthesis criterion used a sample of biometric database in the form of histograms. Given the mean and standard deviation for this sample, select the number of degrees of freedom of the chi-square test. Power chi-square test agreement increases with the number of degrees of freedom. Knowing the number of degrees of freedom and the corresponding correlation coefficient equal to the data, you can always adjust the chi-square test of statistical hypotheses.

Online and virtual relationships have been increased day to day particularly among adolescents by the growth and development of information and communication technology and face to face offline relationships have been reduced. In this article which has been done by documentary method and referring to the carried out studies, we have tried to explore and answer the questions such as: is there any difference between teenagers’ and parents’ motivation for using internet? What are the factors and incentives encouraging teens to online relationships? Do online relationships encourage the offline relationship or discourage them? What are the similarities and differences between online and offline relationships? Results showed that teenagers use the Internet for social purposes and making relationships with others; but the parents’ motives and expectations are almost always educational and academic and making relationship with informative community. Need to create relationship, intimacy, his approval, and the companionship with others are put among the motivations to make friendly relationships. Online communications has less depth comparing with face-to-face communication. ICT environment reflects and shows the social structure and accessing and using of it depends on a social-class process. Social relations are shaped by social similarity. Proximity increases the likelihood of forming friendships because it increases the probability of meeting people and interacting with each other. Thus, it is essential offline and online interactive elements will be examined by considering continuing and expanding social bonds and variation of social networks in future studies.

 Lifestyle brands are created, built and established based on cultural values, attitudes and living arrangements of a specific group of target audience. As branding activities are aimed at generating awareness and communicating information that ultimately relates to the overall purpose of marketing, the creation of lifestyle brands is to enable target audiences or target market sectors to identify and associate with the elements of the specific lifestyle contexts they practice, prefer, and aspire to.   Lifestyle branding adds value to consumers from its powerful enabling role as an interactive mechanism – being the name and symbolic associations for products and services which not only serves functional benefits, but communicates the symbolisms behind consumer choices with factors that are culturally inherent or meaningful.   More than promotional tactics and marketing, lifestyle branding strategies shape the interaction habits and activities that the consumer may seek, prefer or engage in daily.   The embrace of digital media, web-based and mobile technologies, and a tandem growth of interest in the urban shopping culture have become important catalysts in the development and management of successful lifestyle brands.   This paper provides a set of possible cultural determinants of Malaysia’s urban consumer segments, while proposing ways in which brand marketers and designers can respond innovatively to their needs by aligning brands with consumer perceived measures of brand equity.   Using scales of measurement on the brand equity model to analyse the underlying determinant conditions, three case studies of food and beverage brands in the Malaysian service industries will be provided to gather insights on brand equity, and these will be discussed in-depth to understand what consumers seek in brand experiences. The research will conclude by factoring in the designer’s role in the marketing of lifestyle brands that are relevant, recognised and respected.

Thailand is diversity of plant foods for example fruits and vegetables contain significant levels of biologically active components and biochemical functions which benefit human health. There are containing phenolic compound constitute natural sources of antioxidants. Vegetables form a major part of daily consumption in both healthy and diseased people and have avariety of pleasant and attractive flavour. A generous consumption of them are popular in fresh including white radish (Raphanussativus), garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiberofficinale).This study determined the antioxidant such as flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC) and tyrosinase inhibition in fresh. There were collected in three representative markets in Bangkok, were analyzed for antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, flavonoids, TPC and tyrosinase inhibition activity. The results showed that DPPH radical scavenging activities of white radish, garlic and ginger were 30.42%, 11.39% and 75.24%in Bangrak, Bangrak and Ratchathewi, respectively. The highest flavonoid of white radish, garlic and ginger were 2.9, 8.38, 9.81 mg/100g in Prathumwan, Prathumwan and Ratchathewi, respectively. The TPC of garlic, ginger and white radish were 1.94, 1.82 and 0.57 mg/100g in Pratumwan, Bangrak and Ratchathewi, respectively. The highest of tyrosinase inhibition activity of white radish, garlic and ginger were 137.35%, 114.25%, 518.72% in Prathumwan, Ratchathewi and Ratchathewi, respectively. However, they appeared to be a good candidate for application between fresh and processed by salt due to its abilities to inhibit tyrosinase and oxidation.

 Work-related Musculoskeletal Disorder (WMSDs) is an occupational health problems encountered by workers over the world. In Malaysia, there is increasing in trend over the years, particularly in the manufacturing sectors. Current method to observe workplace WMSDs is self-report questionnaire, observation and direct measurement. Observational method is most frequently used by the researcher and practitioner because of the simplified, quick and versatile when it applies to the worksite. However, there are some limitations identified e.g. some approach does not cover a wide spectrum of biomechanics activity and not sufficiently sensitive to assess the actual risks. This paper elucidates the development of Work Movement Task Analysis (WMTA), which is an observational tool for industrial practitioners’ especially untrained personnel to assess WMSDs risk factors and provide a basis for suitable intervention. First stage of the development protocol involved literature reviews, practitioner survey, tool validation and reliability. A total of six themes/comments were received in face validity stage. New revision of WMTA consisted of four sections of postural (neck, back, shoulder & arms and legs) and associated risk factors; movement, load, coupling and basic environmental factors (lighting, noise, odorless, heat and slippery floor). For inter-rater reliability study shows substantial agreement among rater with K = 0.70. Meanwhile, WMTA validation shows significant association between WMTA score and self-reported pain or discomfort for the back, shoulder&arms and knee&legs with p<0.05. This tool is expected to provide new workplace ergonomic observational tool to assess WMSDs for the next stage of the case study.

 Microbiology is the study of microscopic living organisms; bacteria, fungi, algae, protozoa and viruses. It encompasses numerous sub disciplines including virology, mycology, parasitological, bacteriology and biotechnology. Microbiologists are scientists who work in the field of microbiology, studying microbes, their interaction with environment and their effects on man and other living organisms. Due to the relevance of microbiologists in research, the healthcare, environmental studies, agriculture, food security and biotechnology, the need for qualified and well trained microbiologists in Nigeria continue to grow. Nigeria is one of the fastest growing economies in Africa, therefore the need and adequacy of Nigerian university and polytechnic graduates in microbiology is of great concern, especially those graduates seeking employment and employers of labor in the field of microbiology. A large vacuum seems to exist between these graduates and the labor market demand. This work exposes and highlights the problems and challenges in the study of microbiology in Nigerian universities and polytechnics. It will suggest solutions and recommendations to ameliorate these problems and encourage active and functional teaching and learning process in microbiology.

 Giardiasis is a protozoal infection of small intestine caused by giardia lamblia. The disease is usually asymptomatic though it can present as acute or chronic diarrhea. Giardiasis is a major cause of intestinal infection and Iran is an endemic area of the disease. Despite reports about drug resistance, long course treatment and various side effects, metronidazole is the drug of choice for giardiasis.In this study we investigated in vivo effects of five new derivatives (a-e) of metronidazole (MTZ) on the giardia lambliatrophozoite in infected mice. Giardia intestinalis cysts were isolated from a patient and purified by sucrose gradient method. Fifty Purified cysts were inoculated to mice and after development of infection, the new metronidazole derivatives were given to the mice and results were compared to metronidazole as positive control.Compounds a and b showed desirable antigiardiasis activity and could destroy the cyst and trophozoite of giardia lamblia in mice after both two and four days, but the activity of the other compounds appeared only after 4 days.

Thailand is diversity of plant foods for example fruits and vegetables contain significant levels of biologically active components and biochemical functions which benefit human health. There are containing phenolic compound constitute natural sources of antioxidants. Vegetables form a major part of daily consumption in both healthy and diseased people and have avariety of pleasant and attractive flavor. A generous consumption of them are popular in fresh including white radish (Raphanus sativus), garlic (Allium sativum) and ginger (Zingiber officinale).This study determined the antioxidant such as flavonoids, total phenolic content (TPC) and tyrosinase inhibition in fresh. There were collected in three representative markets in Bangkok, were analyzed for antioxidant activity by DPPH radical scavenging, flavonoids, TPC and tyrosinase inhibition activity. The results showed that DPPH radical scavenging activities of white radish, garlic and ginger were 30.42%, 11.39% and 75.24%in Bangrak, Bangrak and Ratchathewi, respectively. The highest flavonoid of white radish, garlic and ginger were 2.9, 8.38, 9.81 mg/100g in Prathumwan, Prathumwan and Ratchathewi, respectively. The TPC of garlic, ginger and white radish were 1.94, 1.82 and 0.57 mg/100g in Pratumwan, Bangrak and Ratchathewi, respectively. The highest of tyrosinase inhibition activity of white radish, garlic and ginger were 137.35%, 114.25%, 518.72% in Prathumwan, Ratchathewi and Ratchathewi, respectively. However, they appeared to be a good candidate for application between fresh and processed by salt due to its abilities to inhibit tyrosinase and oxidation.