This paper addresses the relationship between Korean mother’s beliefs about early childhood English education (MB) and preschooler’s attitudes toward learning English (PA). Concurrently, it focuses on the relationship with English Experiences at Home (EEH) expected to have strong relevance to former two factors. The participants were 355 mothers and 165 of their children selected all over the country. The results of this study are as follows: (1) Korean children‟s initiated age of English education was 3.7, and for 3 quarters of them, childcare centers or kindergartens were the only English education providing institutions. Most frequently adopted EEH was technology usage, and the next was English teaching by parents or professionals. (2) The education levels of parents and family income were related to many sub-factors of MB, PA and EEH. (3) There were various relationships among key factors of the study. Sub-factors of MB were partly related to sub-factors of EEH; that is parent‟s teaching and technology usage, but not to professional‟s teaching. In addition, parent‟s teaching and
technology usage were related to sub-factors of PA. Most sub-factors of MB were related to sub-factors of PA. This study composes the variance „preschooler’s attitudes‟ with their English activities preferences and English learning motivation, and found out that MB and EEH are related to PA. This study collected the data of preschoolers by one-on-one interviews. In addition, it surveys regular day care centers and kindergartens, so that it can provide information for less informed group.

There has been a huge mystery related to the extent of travel of the Chinese sailors led by Admiral Zheng He (郑和) of the Ming Dynasty in the early 15th century. Did they actually navigate across the Atlantic Ocean to arrive at the Americas? If true, how many times did the Ming Treasure Fleet explore the Americas? This paper presents an in-depth analysis of a 1597 novel by the Ming historical novelist Luo Maodeng (罗懋登). The analysis involves carefully eliminating certain fanciful depictions and internal contradictions in Luo’s narratives, and correcting some errors and confusing statements. Then, by identifying Zheng He’s whereabouts before he seemed to have vanished from history as the last-known location of his fleet derived by Xi Longfei, Yang Xi and Tang Xire (席龙飞、杨熺、唐锡仁), and recorded by Ming historian Zhu Yunming (祝允明), the entire paths and timelines of Zheng He’s voyages to the Western Ocean given by Luo Maodeng are clearly exposed: the Ming sailors reached as far as Cahokia, the ancient American Indian city, in the central Mississippi Valley in 1423 and 1433, respectively, during their 6th and 7th voyages, more than 60 years before Columbus set foot in the Americas. Such findings also gain support from comparing the 1418 Chinese World Map with the map of 1602 Kunyu Wanguo Quantu (《坤舆万国全图》 or Complete Geographical Map of All the Kingdoms of the World) that had used information from Chinese maps drawn between 1428 and 1432.

This investigation applies a multi-block grid to implement the original flow model developed by Chen and Weng. Comparing the drag coefficient curve of Hori with the predicted one by the present simulation reveals that this study yields a reliable prediction. After that, a parametric study is given. In general, Cps at θ = -180° for Re = 20 are larger than the corresponding ones for Re = 10. In addition, the minimum Cps at the outer side of the cylinder for all cases of Re = 20 are always larger than the ones for Re = 10. Similarly, the minimum Cps at the gap side of the cylinder for all cases of Re = 20 are always greater than the ones for Re = 10, too. The maximum Cps in the cases
of Re = 20 are less than those at Re = 10 all the time. Consequently, the pressure distributions of Re = 20 can be regarded as the squeezing of the pressure profiles at Re = 10. Except the single cylinder case, the positive pressure regions of all the cases at Re = 20 are larger than those for Re = 10. Moreover, the stagnation point matches the maximum point of CP. Although the difference of Cp between the two Reynolds numbers is appreciable, the tendencies of the Cp curves are consistent. As L is smaller, the drag and interference drag coefficients smoothly increase to a peak value with L for both Re = 10 and 20. Then they sharply decline to the minimum value as L is raised further. The conclusion is drawn that L is a major parameter in point of view for flow interference, whereas the effect of Re is minor.

This paper presents a numerical investigation on the effects of inlet airflow angle on the airflow, temperature and CO2 concentration fields in a three-row airliner cabin. The computations are conducted using Ansys-Fluent and the numerical results were compared against published experimental data. The inlet airflow is supplied into the aircraft cabin at six different directions of A (0°, 180°), B (355°, 185°), C (350°, 190°), D (340°, 200°), E (330°, 210°) and F (315°, 225°). The numerical results showed that flow pattern, temperature distributions and CO2 levels are improved significantly inside the whole cabin and at passengers’ breathing zones in case of changing the inlet airflow angle. The performance of mixing-air distribution system for the whole aircraft cabin is enhanced remarkably in case of using small inlet angles. Angles B (5°) and C (10°) provided the best ventilation performance among the six tested angles within the whole cabin and at local breath zones of passengers in terms of thermal and health comfort. Moreover, inlet airflow angle C (10°) showed high constancy and stability in the pattern of the flow field and temperature and low CO2 level in cabin centre area compared to inlet airflow angle B (5°) for both the whole aircraft cabin and local breathing zones.